Interconsulta ambulatoria: Características de los pacientes atendidos en el Servicio de Salud Mental del Hospital Garrahan / Outpatient interconsultation: Characteristics of the patients attended in the Mental Health Service of the Hospital Garrahan

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo explorar la frecuencia de trastornos mentales de los niños y adolescentes entre 9 y 16 años de edad atendidos y derivados de forma ambulatoria desde el Servicio de Neurología y Clínica Pediátrica al Servicio de Salud Mental del Hospital Garrahan en el periodo julio 2016 ­ mayo 2017. Material y métodos: estudio observacional, prospectivo y transversal. Se realizaron entrevistas de admisión a los padres y se administró el DISC IV (Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children versión IV), en su versión computarizada dirigida a la población infantil validada en nuestro país, a los padres o pacientes según correspondiera, para realizar o no el diagnóstico de trastorno mental. Posteriormente se realizó la entrevista de devolución pertinente. Resultados: del total de la población, el 70,5% obtuvo un diagnóstico positivo en la administración del DISC IV. Los trastornos más frecuentes fueron los del comportamiento disruptivo (Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con o sin Hiperactividad e Impulsividad o TDHA) seguido por los trastornos de ansiedad. Las niñas presentaron mayor cantidad de trastornos internalizadores, con alta frecuencia de Ansiedad por Separación (31,2%) y Ataques de Pánico (25%). Los niños tuvieron mayor cantidad de trastornos externalizadores, principalmente de TDHA (39,3%) y Trastorno Oposicionista Desafiante (TOD) (21,4%). Por otro lado, un 47,7% de los niños y adolescentes evaluados presentaron una enfermedad crónica orgánica de base. En relación a la administración del DISC IV obtuvieron un diagnóstico positivo un 75% de los pacientes sin una enfermedad crónica de base y un 66,7% de los pacientes con enfermedad orgánica. Conclusiones: se encontró una alta frecuencia de trastornos mentales en nuestra población de pacientes atendidos en forma ambulatoria. El análisis de las divergencias encontradas entre los diferentes grupos poblacionales puede ser de utilidad para la modificación de estrategias de diagnóstico y terapéuticas que tiendan a una mayor calidad de atención.

Assessing Attention and Disruptive Behavior Symptoms in Preschool-Age Children: The Utility of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children.

Data are presented from two samples of preschool children to evaluate the reliability, concurrent validity, and predictive validity of the ADHD, ODD, and CD sections of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Fourth Edition (DISC-IV). Information was obtained from a community sample of 128 children (Mage = 53.16 months; 63 girls) and from a sample of 72 externalizing children (Mage = 45.23 months; 31 girls) plus 25 control children (Mage = 44.51 months; 8 girls). In both studies, the DISC-IV was administered to parents along with parent and teacher behavior rating scales, and teacher rating scales were obtained again later to evaluate the predictive validity of the DISC-IV (after approximately 6 months in Study 1, and 3 years in Study 2). The ADHD and ODD sections exhibited acceptable internal consistency in both studies, and showed concurrent validity with parent behavior rating scales. In both studies, the ADHD section was also concurrent with teacher reports. In Study 2, the ADHD, ODD, and CD sections distinguished externalizing children from controls. In both studies, the ADHD section predicted future teacher ratings beyond initial teacher ratings, and beyond initial parent rating scales; the ODD section similarly predicted later teacher ratings in Study 1. Findings provide strong support for the utility of the ADHD section for preschool children and moderate support for the ODD and CD sections.

Clinical utility of the Chinese Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD-Symptoms and Normal-Behaviors questionnaire (SWAN) when compared with DISC-IV.

BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and impairing child and adolescent psychiatric disorder. Early identification and prompt treatment are essential. Rating scales are commonly used by clinicians and researchers to assess ADHD children. OBJECTIVE: In the current study, we aimed to examine the clinical utility of the Chinese version of the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behaviors (SWAN) questionnaire. We validated its subscale scores against the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (DISC-IV) and looked into its ability to identify ADHD in a psychiatric clinic setting. We also tested age and gender effects on SWAN scores. Specific subscale cutoff scores of SWAN were subsequently determined. METHOD: A total of 290 children aged 6-12 years old studying in local mainstream primary schools were recruited from a clinic setting and interviewed with the parent version of DISC-IV. Their parents and teachers completed the corresponding version of SWAN. RESULTS: Both parent and teacher versions of SWAN were found to have good concurrent validity with DISC-IV. It could identify ADHD well in a clinic sample. Gender-specific cutoff scores were determined. Sensitivities and specificities were found to be satisfactory. SWAN was also found to perform equally well in identifying ADHD in those with and without comorbid Autistic Spectrum Disorder. CONCLUSION: SWAN was proven to be a useful tool to aid the assessment of ADHD in a clinic sample.

The validities and efficiencies of korean ADHD rating scale and korean child behavior checklist for screening children with ADHD in the community.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to examine the validity of primary screening tools for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a community-based sample of children using the Korean version of the Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL) and the Korean version of the ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS). METHODS: A large-scale community-based study for ADHD screening was conducted in the Jeollabuk province in the Republic of Korea. In 2010-2011, we surveyed a total of 49,088 first- and fourth-grade elementary school students. All of the participants in this study were assessed by the K-ARS-Parent version (K-ARS-P) and the K-ARS-Teacher version (K-ARS-T) as the primary screening instruments. The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (DISC-IV) was used for confirming the diagnosis of ADHD. DISC-IV was administered to subjects who received top 10% scores in the K-ARS-P or K-ARS-T tests. RESULTS: Of the 3,085 subjects who completed the DISC-IV, 1,215 were diagnosed as having ADHD. A reasonable level of sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value were obtained when the total K-ARS-P scores were ≥90th percentile. The positive predictive value and specificity increased significantly when the total K-ARS-P scores were ≥90th percentile, T scores were ≥60 in the attention problems of K-CBCL, and T scores were ≥63 in the total problems of K-CBCL. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that the K-ARS-P could effectively serve as a primary screening tool to identify elementary school children with ADHD in the community. Also, there might be some increment in the effectiveness of K-ARS-P when combined with K-CBCL-A and K-CBCL-T as a secondary screening tool.

Propiedades psicométricas de la escala de síntomas de TEPT para niños (CPSS) en población chilena afectada por el terremoto y tsunami del 27-F de 2010 / Psychometric properties of the children's posttraumatic symptoms scale in the earthquake and tsunamis chileans' victims

Existen pocos instrumentos para la evaluación de sintomatología postraumática en niños/as y adolescentes en Latinoamérica. El presente estudio analiza las propiedades psicométricas de la child PTSD Symptom Scale CPSS (Foa, Johnson, Feeny y Treadwell, 2001), en niños y niñas víctimas de un desastre natural. Se realizan los análisis psicométricos habituales, incluyendo un análisis factorial exploratorio y uno confirmatorio. Se analiza la convergencia de la escala CPSS con el diagnóstico de TEPT a través de la entrevista estructurada DISC-IV Una estructura de tres factores de primer orden fue la que mostró mejor ajuste en el análisis confirmatorio. La escala mostró alta consistencia interna. Un puntaje de 24 o más puntos permite obtener una sensibilidad de 82 por ciento y especificidad de 88 por ciento respecto del diagnóstico de TEPT con el DISC-IV Estas positivas cualidades psicométricas indican la utilidad de la escala para ser usada en chile con niños/ as y adolescentes expuestos a desastres naturales.

There are not many instruments about evaluation of post Traumatic symptomatology in Latin-American children and adolescents. The current study analyzes the psychometric properties of the child PTSD Symptom Scale CPSS (Foa, Johnson, Feeny y Treadwell, 2001), among young victims of a natural disaster. Regular psychometric analyses were carried out, including an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the instrument. The structured interview DISC-IV was used as a criterion test. An structure of three first order factors showed the best fit. The scale presented high internal consistency. A score of 24 or more points allowed a sensitivity of 82 percent and a specificity of 88 percent according to DISC-IV. These positive psychometric qualities indicate the utility of this scale to be used in chilean children and adolescents.

The Validities and Efficiencies of Korean ADHD Rating Scale and Korean Child Behavior Checklist for Screening Children with ADHD in the Community

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to examine the validity of primary screening tools for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a community-based sample of children using the Korean version of the Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL) and the Korean version of the ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS). METHODS: A large-scale community-based study for ADHD screening was conducted in the Jeollabuk province in the Republic of Korea. In 2010-2011, we surveyed a total of 49,088 first- and fourth-grade elementary school students. All of the participants in this study were assessed by the K-ARS-Parent version (K-ARS-P) and the K-ARS-Teacher version (K-ARS-T) as the primary screening instruments. The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (DISC-IV) was used for confirming the diagnosis of ADHD. DISC-IV was administered to subjects who received top 10% scores in the K-ARS-P or K-ARS-T tests. RESULTS: Of the 3,085 subjects who completed the DISC-IV, 1,215 were diagnosed as having ADHD. A reasonable level of sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value were obtained when the total K-ARS-P scores were > or =90th percentile. The positive predictive value and specificity increased significantly when the total K-ARS-P scores were > or =90th percentile, T scores were > or =60 in the attention problems of K-CBCL, and T scores were > or =63 in the total problems of K-CBCL. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that the K-ARS-P could effectively serve as a primary screening tool to identify elementary school children with ADHD in the community. Also, there might be some increment in the effectiveness of K-ARS-P when combined with K-CBCL-A and K-CBCL-T as a secondary screening tool.

Validación de la entrevista diagnóstica estructurada DISC-IV para la identificación de trastornos psiquiátricos en niños y adolescentes en Chile / Validation of the DISC-IV structured diagnostic interview to identify psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents in Chile

Introduction: In Chile there are scarce validated instruments in order to perform categorical psychiatric diagnosis both in children and adolescents. DISC-IV Spanish version validation indexes are presented. Method: A convenience sample was collected from outpatient psychiatric services as well as from private medical facilities and drug-dependence outpatient centres from Concepción, Chile. Subjects of both genders between 7 and 18 years of age, with a psychiatric diagnosis were included in the study (affective disorder, anxiety, drugs abuse and dependence, and behaviour disorder). In addition 18 subjects without psychiatric disorder were selected from a secondary school. Each selected subject that agreed to participate in the study was interviewed by a clinical experienced child psychiatrist, diagnose-blinded, using DSM-IV check list, in order to decide if the subject fulfilled DSM-IV criteria. Later, to patients 12 years old or older, or to their caregiver for children younger than 12 years DISC-IV was applied by some of the previously trained lay interviewers. Quality controls of the interviews were carried out. Data were entered to SPSS file to obtain DISC-IV validation indexes. Results: 144 subjects were incorporated in the study. Cohen's Kappa indexes, a statistical measure of inter-rater agreement, varied between 0.53 for anxiety disorders, and 0.88 for substance abuse and dependence. Every group presented high specificity ranging between 0.55 and 0.83. Interviews answered by adolescents were less sensitive for TDA (0.23) and anxiety (0.40), whereas in parents, sensitivity decreases for affective disorders (0.50). Conclusion: DISC-IV is a valid instrument to be used in the research about children and adolescent mental health...

Introducción: En Chile existen escasos instrumentos validados para efectuar diagnósticos psiquiátricos categoriales en población infantil y adolescente. Se presentan los índices de validación obtenidos para la versión en español del DISC-IV. Método: Una muestra por conveniencia fue seleccionada de los registros clínicos de los servicios de psiquiatría ambulatorios de Concepción, consultas privadas y centros de atención a drogodependientes. Ésta incluyó a sujetos de ambos sexos, con edades entre 7 y 18 años, que presentaran algún diagnóstico incluido en el estudio (trastornos del ánimo, ansiosos, abuso y dependencia a sustancias y trastornos del comportamiento). Además se seleccionaron de un establecimiento educacional a 18 sujetos sin diagnóstico psiquiátrico. Cada sujeto seleccionado que aceptó participar del estudio, y el cuidador responsable, fueron entrevistados por un psiquiatra infantil entrenado, ciego al diagnóstico inicial, utilizando un check-list basado en los criterios DSM-IV, para obtener diagnósticos categoriales. Posteriormente, entrevistadores legos previamente capacitados, aplicaron al paciente, si tenía 12 años o más, o a su cuidador principal, para los menores de 12 años, la entrevista estructurada DISC-IV. Se realizaron controles de calidad de las entrevistas. Los datos fueron ingresados a un archivo SPSS para ser procesados y obtener índices de validación del DISC-IV. Resultados: Ciento cuarenta y cuatro sujetos ingresaron al estudio. Los Índice Kappa de Cohen, que miden el acuerdo inter-evaluadores, varían entre ,53, para los trastornos ansiosos, y ,88, para abuso y dependencia. En todos los grupos la especificidad es alta (> 0,9) y la sensibilidad varía entre ,55y ,83. Las entrevistas respondidas por adolescentes son menos sensibles para TDA (0,23) y ansiedad (0,40), mientras en los padres la sensibilidad disminuye para los cuadros afectivos (0,50)...

Quantitative Electroencephalography Findings in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder According to Korean DISC-IV / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to investigate the clinical availability of quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) as an auxiliary diagnostic tool in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: A total 95 participants completed examinations, which included Korean ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS), Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV-Korean Version (DISC-IV), and QEEG. From the result of the DISC-IV, we divided them into three groups, ADHD, ADHD NOS (not otherwise specified), and Normal control. The QEEG was analyzed by the ranges of Hz : delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), beta (12-25 Hz), and high beta (25-30 Hz). RESULTS: ADHD NOS group showed significantly decreased delta activity (NOSnormal, p=0.044) compared with normal control. ADHD group showed increased high beta activity (ADHD>NOS, p=0.043) compared with NOS group. The z-scores of relative power of theta were negatively correlated with the K-ARS at O1, O2 electrodes of ADHD group. On the other hand, the z-scores of relative power of high beta were negatively correlated with the K-ARS at F7, F8 electrodes of ADHD NOS group. CONCLUSION: We confirmed QEEG abnormalities in ADHD patients, especially the difference between ADHD NOS and Normal control. Therefore, we expect to use QEEG as the valuable tool to diagnose ADHD accurately.

Evaluación de la validez de los diagnósticos DSM IV realizados con un Instrumento Estructurado, el NIMH DISC-IV, en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires / Evaluation of the validity of diagnostic interview schedule for children IV (DISC IV) in the city of Buenos Aires

La epidemiología de los trastornos psiquiátricos de niños y adolescentes ha recibido poca atención en nuestro país, Uno de los problemas relacionados con el escaso desarrollo de investigación epidemiológica en Argentina está ligado a la no disponibilidad de entrevistas diagnósticas estructura das testeadas localmente. Objetivos: el objetivo fue realizar un estudio de validación DISC IV (versión en español), administrada por encuestadores legos en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Métodos: la muestra fue obtenida del Hospital de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez" de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Dos grupos de participantes fueron incluidos en el estudio, un grupo con resultado positivo a la administración del DISC y otro grupo equivalente con resultado negativo. Los psiquiatras administraron nuevamente el DISC una semana más tarde y a continuación realizaron una entrevista clínica di agnóstica semiestructurada 116 participantes completaron las evaluaciones y formaron parte de la muestra. Resultados: la sensibilidad fue de 81,5 por ciento y la especificidad de 66,1 por ciento. La reproducibilidad test-retest fue moderada (Kappa 0,46 error standard 0,09). Conclusiones: en líneas generales, el DISC administrado por encuesta dores legos demostró poseer buena capacidad para discriminar entre jóvenes que padecen trastornos psiquiátricos y jóvenes sanos. La confiabilidad fue de moderada a buena, tanto para la presencia de algún trastorno psiquiátrico en forma global como para los trastornos del estado de ánimo en particular, mientras que para los trastornos de ansiedad y los trastornos de conducta resultó muy pobre.

The epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents has received little attention in Argentina. One of the problems related to the scarcity of such epidemiological research is linked to the lack of availability of diagnostic interview instruments which have been locally validated. Objectives: The object of the study was to conduct a validation study of the DISC IV (Spanish version), administered by lay interviewers in the City of Buenos Aires. Methods: The sample was obtained from the Hospital de Niños "Ricardo Gutierrez" in the City of Buenos Aires. Lay interviewers administered the DISC IV to 116 youngsters. Then psychiatrists re-administered the DISC IV a week later and immediately afterwards conducted a semi-structured diagnostic clinical interview. Participant in the sample ranged in age from 9 to 17. Results: The sensitivity was 81.5 percent and the specificity 66, 1 percent. The test-re test reliability was reasonable (Kappa 0.46 standard error 0.09). Conclusions: In general, the DISC administered by the non-professional interviewer was demonstrated to have the ability to discriminate between youngsters who suffer from psychiatric disorders and healthy youngsters. The confidence level was from moderate to good for the presence of a general psychiatric disorder as well as for disorders of specific states of mind, but for anxiety disorders and behaviour disorders the confidence level was poor.

Evaluación de la validez de los diagnósticos DSM IV realizados con un Instrumento Estructurado, el NIMH DISC-IV, en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires / Evaluation of the validity of diagnostic interview schedule for children IV (DISC IV) in the city of Buenos Aires

La epidemiología de los trastornos psiquiátricos de niños y adolescentes ha recibido poca atención en nuestro país, Uno de los problemas relacionados con el escaso desarrollo de investigación epidemiológica en Argentina está ligado a la no disponibilidad de entrevistas diagnósticas estructura das testeadas localmente. Objetivos: el objetivo fue realizar un estudio de validación DISC IV (versión en español), administrada por encuestadores legos en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Métodos: la muestra fue obtenida del Hospital de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez" de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Dos grupos de participantes fueron incluidos en el estudio, un grupo con resultado positivo a la administración del DISC y otro grupo equivalente con resultado negativo. Los psiquiatras administraron nuevamente el DISC una semana más tarde y a continuación realizaron una entrevista clínica di agnóstica semiestructurada 116 participantes completaron las evaluaciones y formaron parte de la muestra. Resultados: la sensibilidad fue de 81,5 por ciento y la especificidad de 66,1 por ciento. La reproducibilidad test-retest fue moderada (Kappa 0,46 error standard 0,09). Conclusiones: en líneas generales, el DISC administrado por encuesta dores legos demostró poseer buena capacidad para discriminar entre jóvenes que padecen trastornos psiquiátricos y jóvenes sanos. La confiabilidad fue de moderada a buena, tanto para la presencia de algún trastorno psiquiátrico en forma global como para los trastornos del estado de ánimo en particular, mientras que para los trastornos de ansiedad y los trastornos de conducta resultó muy pobre.(AU)

The epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents has received little attention in Argentina. One of the problems related to the scarcity of such epidemiological research is linked to the lack of availability of diagnostic interview instruments which have been locally validated. Objectives: The object of the study was to conduct a validation study of the DISC IV (Spanish version), administered by lay interviewers in the City of Buenos Aires. Methods: The sample was obtained from the Hospital de Niños "Ricardo Gutierrez" in the City of Buenos Aires. Lay interviewers administered the DISC IV to 116 youngsters. Then psychiatrists re-administered the DISC IV a week later and immediately afterwards conducted a semi-structured diagnostic clinical interview. Participant in the sample ranged in age from 9 to 17. Results: The sensitivity was 81.5 percent and the specificity 66, 1 percent. The test-re test reliability was reasonable (Kappa 0.46 standard error 0.09). Conclusions: In general, the DISC administered by the non-professional interviewer was demonstrated to have the ability to discriminate between youngsters who suffer from psychiatric disorders and healthy youngsters. The confidence level was from moderate to good for the presence of a general psychiatric disorder as well as for disorders of specific states of mind, but for anxiety disorders and behaviour disorders the confidence level was poor.(AU)

The Reliability and Validity of Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV-Korean Version (DISC-IV)

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Korean Version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV(DISC-IV), a highly structured diagnostic interview used to assess more than 30 psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. METHODS: A total of 91 study subjects, including 67 subjects who visited the child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic at our institution and 24 community-based subjects, were assessed using the Korean Version of the DISCIV. Clinical diagnosis was used as a gold standard for the examination of the validity of the DISC-IV. Forty-four of the study subjects were randomly selected for test-retest reliability measurement. RESULTS: The validity of the Korean Version of the DISC-IV showed kappa values ranging from 0.25 to 0.40 in the clinical sample and 0.65 to 1.00 in the community sample. The sensitivities varied according to the diagnostic categories, but the specificities were excellent for all diagnostic entities. CONCLUSION: The Korean Version of the DISC-IV showed good reliability and validity in Korean children and adolescents. The Korean Version of the DISC-IV might be a useful tool for assessing psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents.